References, Pointers and Constants

Simple C++ Data Types

C++ Code	What It Means	When To Use It
char int double	Single (scalar) value (character, integer, floating point number)	To store data To pass data to a function by value To return data by value
const char const int const double	Constant value	To declare a constant -- a value that cannot be changed Has no effect for passing values to a function or from returning values from a function
char [] int [] double []	Array (vector) of values (char [] is a string)	To store the same type of data together To pass an array to a function
const char [] const int [] const double []	Constant array of values (const char [] is a string constant)	To declare an array of constant values (no element in the array can be changed) const char [] is used to declare a string constant
char * int * double *	Pointer to a single value or an array of values	To store a string (char *) To store an array of values when you have to allocate the memory dynamically (using new) To pass an array to a function To pass a value to a function which the function will set (passing by reference) To return a dynamically-allocated array from a function.
const char * const int * const double *	Pointer to a constant value	When you don't want the value at the pointer to be changed, but you can still change the pointer To return a pointer to a constant value To pass a pointer to a constant value to a function
char & int & double &	Reference to a value	To pass a value to a function which will be set by the function (without using a pointer)
char * & int * & double * &	Reference to a pointer	To pass a pointer to a function where the function will set the pointer (either by calling new or by assigning to the pointer
char * const int * const double * const	Constant pointer	When you want to point to a specific value. Allows to you to change the data that is pointed to, but you can't change the pointer

C++Structures

C++ Code	What It Means	When To Use It
struct somestruct { . . . };	Data structure (user-defined)	To store different types of data together
struct somestruct (struct is optional)	Data structure value	To store values in a data structure Not to be used to pass structures to a function or to return structures from a function (inefficient!)
const struct somestruct	Constant data structure value	When you don't want of the member data values to be changed
struct somestruct &	Reference to a data structure value	To pass a data structure to a function where the function will change some data members of that structure
const struct somestruct &	Constant reference to a data structure value	To pass a data structure to a function where the function will not or cannot change any data members of that structure
struct somestruct []	Array of data structure values	Used to group several identical data structures (with different values) together
const struct somestruct []	Array of constant data structure values	When you don't want code to be able to change any data structure values in the array
struct somestruct *	Pointer to a data structure value	When you want to allocate a single data structure or an array of data structures using new When you want to pass a single data structure or an array of data structures to a function, or to return same from a function
const struct somestruct *	Constant pointer to a data structure value	Same as above, but when you don't want the function that gets called, or the code that called the function, to change any values in any data structure
struct somestruct * &	Reference to a pointer to a data structure value	When the calling function will be allocating the pointer using new or assigning to the pointer